Tamarin - Principles of Genetics 7e, Biologia, Biology
[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]Tamarin: Principles of
Genetics, Seventh Edition
Front Matter
Preface
© The McGraw−Hill
Companies, 2001
PREFACE
covery of Mendel’s rules of inheritance and
ended with the complete sequence of the hu-
man genome, one of the most monumental
scientific accomplishments of all time. What
lies in the future? What will the twenty-first century, the
century of genomics, bring? Will geneticists a hundred
years from now speak of a complete cure for cancer,
heart disease, and mental illness? Will we have a cure for
autoimmune diseases such as diabetes and arthritis? Will
aging be slowed or even prevented? Will we have a com-
plete understanding of the process of development and a
concurrent elimination of birth defects and developmen-
tal problems? Will genetics put an end to world hunger?
How will we live, and what will be the quality of our
lives? The students who now are taking genetics will
learn the answers to these questions as time progresses.
Some students will contribute to the answers.
The science of genetics includes the rules of inheri-
tance in cells, individuals, and populations and the mo-
lecular mechanisms by which genes control the growth,
development, and appearance of an organism. No area of
biology can truly be appreciated or understood without
an understanding of genetics because genes not only
control cellular processes, they also determine the
course of evolution.Genetic concepts provide the frame-
work for the study of modern biology.
This text provides a
balanced treatment
of the ma-
jor areas of genetics in order to prepare the student for
upper-level courses and to help share in the excitement
of research. Most readers of this text will have taken a
general biology course and will have had some back-
ground in cell biology and organic chemistry. For an un-
derstanding of the concepts in this text, however, the
motivated student will need to have completed only an
introductory biology course and have had some chem-
istry and algebra in high school.
Genetics is commonly divided into three areas: classi-
cal, molecular, and population, although molecular ad-
vancements have blurred these distinctions.Many genetics
teachers feel that a historical approach provides a sound
introduction to the field and that a thorough grounding
in Mendelian genetics is necessary for an understanding
of molecular and population genetics
—
an approach this
text follows. Other teachers, however, may prefer to be-
gin with molecular genetics.For this reason,the chapters
have been grouped as
units that allow for flexibility
in their use. A comprehensive glossary and index will
help maintain continuity if the instructor chooses to
change the order of the chapters from the original.
An understanding of genetics is crucial to advance-
ments in medicine, agriculture, and many industries. Ge-
netic controversies
—
such as the pros and cons of the
Human Genome Project, the potential ethical and med-
ical risks of recombinant DNA and cloning of mammals,
and human behavioral genetic issues such as the degree
of inheritance of homosexuality, alcoholism, and intelli-
gence
—
have captured the interest of the general public.
Throughout this text, we examine the
implications for
human health and welfare
of the research conducted
in universities and research laboratories around the
world; boxed material in the text gives insight into ge-
netic techniques, controversies, and breakthroughs.
Because genetics is the first analytical biology course
for many students, some may have difficulty with its
quantitative aspects.There is no substitute for work with
pad and pencil. This text provides a larger number of
problems to help the student learn and retain the mate-
rial. All problems within the body of the text and a selec-
tion at the end of the chapters should be worked through
as they are encountered. After the student has worked
out the problems, he or she can refer to the answer sec-
tion in Appendix A. We provide solved problems at the
end of each chapter to help.
In this text,we stress
critical thinking,
an approach
that emphasizes understanding over memorization, ex-
perimental proof over the pronouncements of authori-
ties, problem solving over passive reading, and active
participation in lectures.The latter is best accomplished
if the student reads the appropriate text chapter before
coming to lecture rather than after.That way the student
can use the lecture to gain insight into difficult material
rather than spending the lecture hectically transcribing
the lecturer’s comments onto the notebook page.
For those students who wish to pursue particular
topics, a
reference section
in the back of the text pro-
vides chapter-by-chapter listings of review articles and ar-
ticles in the original literature. Although some of these
articles might be difficult for the beginner to follow,each
is a landmark paper, a comprehensive summary, or a pa-
per with some valuable aspect.Some papers may contain
an insightful photograph or diagram. Some magazines
and journals are especially recommended for the student
to look at periodically, including
Scientific American,
xiii
T
he twentieth century began with the redis-
Tamarin: Principles of
Genetics, Seventh Edition
Front Matter
Preface
© The McGraw−Hill
Companies, 2001
xiv
Preface
Science,
and
Nature,
because they contain nontechnical
summaries as well as material at the cutting edge of ge-
netics. Some articles are included to help the instructor
find supplementary materials related to the concepts in
this book. Photographs of selected geneticists also are in-
cluded. Perhaps the glimpse of a face from time to time
will help add a human touch to this science.
The World Wide Web also can provide a valuable re-
source. The textbook has its own website:
www.
mhhe.com/tamarin7
. In addition, the student can find
much material of a supplemental nature by “surfing” the
web. Begin with a search engine such as: www.
yahoo.com, or www.google.com and type in a key word.
Follow the links from there. Remember that the material
on the web is “as is”; it includes a lot of misinformation.
Usually, content from academic, industrial, and organiza-
tional sources is relatively reliable; however, caveat emp-
tor
—
buyer beware. Often in surfing for scientific key
words, the student will end up at a scientific journal or
book that does not have free access. Check with the uni-
versity librarian to see if access might be offered to that
journal or book.The amount of information that is accu-
rate and free is enormous. Be sure to budget the amount
of time spent on the Internet.
•
The material in chapter 3 on Genetic Control of the
Cell Cycle has been upgraded to a chapter section on
the Cell Cycle.
•
Molecular material throughout the book has been
completely updated to include such subjects as nu-
merous DNA repair polymerases and their function-
ing; base-flipping; TRAP control of attenuation; and
chromatosomes.
LEARNING AIDS FOR
THE STUDENT
To help the student learn genetics, as well as enjoy the
material, we have made every effort to provide pedagog-
ical aids.These aids are designed to help organize the ma-
terial and make it understandable to students.
•
Study Objectives
Each chapter begins with a set of
clearly defined, page-referenced objectives.These ob-
jectives preview the chapter and highlight the most
important concepts.
•
Study Outline
The chapter topics are provided in
an outline list. These headings consist of words or
phrases that clearly define what the various sections
of the chapter contain.
•
Boldface Terms
Throughout the chapter, all new
terms are presented in boldface, indicating that each
is defined in the glossary at the end of the book.
•
Boxed Material
In most chapters, short topics
have been set aside in boxed readings, outside the
main body of the chapter. These boxes fall into four
categories:
Historical Perspectives, Experimental
Methods, Biomedical Applications,
and
Ethics
and Genetics.
The boxed material is designed to
supplement each chapter with entertaining, interest-
ing, and relevant topics.
•
Full Color Art and Graphics
Many genetic con-
cepts are made much clearer with full-color illustra-
tions and the latest in molecular computer models to
help the student visualize and interpret difficult
concepts. We’ve added thirty new photographs and
over a hundred new and modified line drawings to
this edition.
•
Summary
Each chapter summary recaps the study
objectives at the beginning of the chapter. Thus, the
student can determine if he or she has gained an un-
derstanding of the material presented in the study ob-
jectives and reinforce them with the summary.
•
Solved Problems
From two to four problems are
worked out at the end of each chapter to give the stu-
dent practice in solving and understanding basic
problems related to the material.
•
Exercises and Problems
At the end of the chap-
ter are numerous problems to test the student’s
NEW TO THIS EDITION
Since the last edition of this text, many exciting discover-
ies have been made in genetics. All chapters have been
updated to reflect those discoveries. In particular:
•
The chapter on Recombinant DNA Technology has
been revised to be a chapter on Genomics, Biotech-
nology, and Recombinant DNA (sixth edition chapter
12 has become chapter 13 in this edition).The chap-
ter includes new material on the completion of the
Human Genome Project, bioinformatics, proteomics,
and the latest techniques in creating cDNA and
knockout mice.
•
The chapter on Control of Transcription in Eukary-
otes (sixth edition chapter 15 has become chapter
16 in this edition) has been completely reorganized
and rewritten to emphasize signal transduction, spe-
cific transcription factors, methylation, and chro-
matin remodeling in control of gene expression; as in
the last edition, there are specific sections on
Drosophila
and plant development, cancer, and im-
munogenetics.
•
For better continuity, the chapter on Mutation, Re-
combination, and DNA Repair has been moved to fol-
low the chapters on Transcription and Translation
(sixth edition chapter 16 has become chapter 12 in
this edition).
Tamarin: Principles of
Genetics, Seventh Edition
Front Matter
Preface
© The McGraw−Hill
Companies, 2001
Preface
xv
understanding of the material. These problems are
grouped according to the sections of the chapter. An-
swers to the odd-numbered problems are presented
in Appendix A,with the even-numbered problems an-
swered only in the Student Study Guide so that the
student and instructor can be certain that the student
is gaining an understanding of the material.
•
Critical Thinking Questions
Two critical think-
ing questions at the end of each chapter are designed
to help the student develop an ability to evaluate and
solve problems.The answer to the first critical think-
ing question can be found in Appendix A, and the an-
swer to the second question is in the Student Study
Guide.
lenging concepts in the course and makes them more
understandable through the presentation of full-
color, narrated animations and interactive exercises.
The text indicates related topics on the CD with the
following icon:
•
Student Study Guide.
This study guide features key
concepts, problem-solving hints, practice problems,
terms,study questions,and answers to even-numbered
questions in the text. (ISBN 0072334207)
•
Laboratory Manual of Genetics 4/e,
by A. M. Win-
chester and P. J. Wejksnora, University of Wisconsin–
Milwaukee. This manual for the genetics laboratory
features classical and molecular biology exercises
that give students the opportunity to apply the scien-
tific method to “real”
—
not simulated
—
lab investiga-
tions. (ISBN 0697122875)
•
Case Workbook in Human Genetics, 2/e,
by Ricki
Lewis, SUNY–Albany. The Workbook includes
thought-provoking case studies in human genetics,
with many examples gleaned from the author’s expe-
riences as a practicing genetic counselor. (ISBN
0072325305) Also included is the Answer Key. (ISBN
0072439009)
ANCILLARY MATERIALS
For the Instructor
•
Website.
Visit us at
www.mhhe.com/tamarin7.
Here instructors will find jpeg files of the line draw-
ings and tables suitable for downloading into Power-
Point, quizzes for study support, and links to genetic
sites. In addition, instructors will also find a link to
our hugely successful
PageOut: The Course Web-
site Development Center,
where instructors can
create a professional-looking, customized course
website. It’s incredibly easy to use, and you need not
know html coding.
•
Visual Resource Library (VRL).
This Windows- and
Macintosh-compatible CD-ROM has all the line draw-
ings and tables from the text suitable for PowerPoint
presentations. (ISBN 0072334266)
•
Instructor’s Manual with Test Item File.
Available on
the website, the Instructor’s Manual contains out-
lines, key words, summaries, instructional hints, and
supplemental aids. The Test Item File contains 35 to
50 objective questions with answers for each chap-
ter. (ISBN 0072334215)
•
Test Item File on MicroTest III Classroom Testing
Software
is an easy-to-use CD-ROM test generator also
offered free upon request to adopters of this text.The
software requires no programming experience and is
compatible with Windows or Macintosh systems.
(ISBN 0072334231).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to thank many people for their encourage-
ment and assistance in the production of this Seventh
Edition. I especially thank Brian Loehr, my Developmen-
tal Editor, for continuous support, enthusiasm, and help
in improving the usability of the text. It was also a plea-
sure to work with many other dedicated and creative
people at McGraw-Hill during the production of this
book, especially James M. Smith, Thomas Timp, Gloria
Schiesl, David Hash, Sandy Ludovissy, Carrie Burger, and
Jodi Banowetz. I wish to thank Dr. Michael Gaines of the
University of Miami for many comments that helped me
improve the textbook and Marion Muskiewicz, Refer-
ence Librarian at the University of Massachusetts Lowell,
who was an enormous help in my efforts to use the uni-
versity’s electronic library. Many reviewers greatly
helped improve the quality of this edition. I specifically
wish to thank the following:
For the Student
•
Website.
Visit us at
www.mhhe.com/tamarin7.
Here the student will find quizzes for study support,
web exercises and resources,and links to genetic sites.
•
Genetics: From Genes to Genomes CD-ROM,
by Ann
E. Reynolds, University of Washington. Packaged free
with every text, this CD-ROM covers the most chal-
Reviewers of the Seventh Edition
John Belote
Syracuse University
Douglas Coulter
Saint Louis University
Tamarin: Principles of
Genetics, Seventh Edition
Front Matter
Preface
© The McGraw−Hill
Companies, 2001
xvi
Preface
James M. Freed
Ohio Wesleyan University
Elliott S. Goldstein
Arizona State University
Keith Hartberg
Baylor University
Vincent Henrich
University of North Carolina at Greensboro
Mitrick A. Johns
Northern Illinois University
Philip Mathis
Middle Tennessee State University
Bruce McKee
University of Tennessee
Elbert Myles
Tennessee State University
John Osterman
University of Nebraska–Lincoln
Uwe Pott
University of Wisconsin–Green Bay
Ken Spitze
University of Miami
Randall G. Terry
University of Montana
Michael Wooten
Auburn University
John R. Ellison
Texas A&M University
Elliott S. Goldstein
Arizona State University
Keith Hartberg
Baylor University
David R. Hyde
University of Notre Dame
Pauline A. Lizotte
Northwest Missouri State University
James J. McGivern
Gannon University
Gregory J. Phillips
Iowa State University
Mark Sanders
University of California–Davis
Ken Spitze
University of Miami
Joan M. Stoler
Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical
School
Robert J. Wiggers
Stephen F. Austin State University
Ronald B. Young
University of Alabama
Lastly, thanks are due to the many students, particu-
larly those in my Introductory Genetics, Population Biol-
ogy,Evolutionary Biology,and Graduate Seminar courses,
who have helped clarify points, find errors, and discover
new and interesting ways of looking at the many topics
collectively called genetics.
Reviewers of the Sixth Edition
Edward Berger
Dartmouth
Deborah C. Clark
Middle Tennessee State University
ROBERT H.TAMARIN
Lowell, Massachusetts
Tamarin: Principles of
Genetics, Seventh Edition
I. Genetics and the
Scientific Method
1. Introduction
© The McGraw−Hill
Companies, 2001
INTRODUCTION
STUDY OBJECTIVES
1.
To examine a brief overview of the modern history
of genetics 3
2.
To gain an overview of the topics included in this book
—
the
syllabus of genetics 4
3.
To analyze the scientific method 5
4.
To look at why certain organisms and techniques have been
used preferentially in genetics research 7
STUDY OUTLINE
A Brief Overview of the Modern History of Genetics
3
Before 1860 3
1860–1900 3
1900–1944 3
1944–Present 4
The Three General Areas of Genetics
4
How Do We Know?
5
Why Fruit Flies and Colon Bacteria?
7
Techniques of Study
8
Classical, Molecular, and Evolutionary Genetics
9
Classical Genetics 9
Molecular Genetics 10
Evolutionary Genetics 13
Summary
14
Box 1.1 The Lysenko Affair
6
Chameleon,
Cameleo pardalis.
(
© Art Wolfe/Tony Stone Images.
)
2
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