Talking Elektronics - 200 Tranzistor Circuits #2, bib radioamatora, 00 - Księgozbiór Elektronika
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100 IC Circuits
86 CIRCUITS as of 28-5-2011
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TALKING ELECTRONICS
WEBSITE
email Colin Mitchell:
talking@tpg.com.au
INTRODUCTION
This is the second half of our
Transistor Circuits
e-book. It contains a
further 100 circuits, with many of them containing one or more Integrated
Circuits (ICs).
It's amazing what you can do with transistors but when Integrated Circuits
came along, the whole field of electronics exploded.
IC's can handle both analogue as well as digital signals but before their
arrival, nearly all circuits were analogue or very simple "digital" switching
circuits.
Let's explain what we mean.
The word analogue is a waveform or signal that is changing (increasing and
decreasing) at a constant or non constant rate. Examples are voice, music,
tones, sounds and frequencies. Equipment such as radios, TV's and
amplifiers process analogue signals.
Then digital came along.
Digital is similar to a switch turning something on and off.
The advantage of digital is two-fold.
Firstly it is a very reliable and accurate way to send a signal. The signal is
either HIGH or LOW (ON or OFF). It cannot be half-on or one quarter off.
And secondly, a circuit that is ON, consumes the least amount of energy in
the controlling device. In other words, a transistor that is fully turned ON
and driving a motor, dissipates the least amount of heat. If it is slightly
turned ON or nearly fully turned ON, it gets very hot.
And obviously a transistor that is not turned on at all will consume no
energy.
A transistor that turns ON fully and OFF fully is called a SWITCH.
When two transistors are cross-coupled in the form of a flip flop, any pulses
entering the circuit cause it to flip and flop and the output goes HIGH on
every second pulse. This means the circuit halves the input pulses and is
the basis of counting or dividing.
Digital circuits also introduce the concept of two inputs creating a HIGH
output when both are HIGH and variations of this.
This is called "logic" and introduces terms such as "Boolean algebra" and
"gates."
Integrated Circuits started with a few transistors in each "chip" and
increased to whole mini or micro computers in a single chip. These chips
are called Microcontrollers and a single chip with a few surrounding
components can be programmed to play games, monitor heart-rate and do
all sorts of amazing things. Because they can process information at high
speed, the end result can appear to have intelligence and this is where we
are heading:
AI
(Artificial Intelligence).
But let's crawl before we walk and come to understand how to interface
some of these chips to external components.
In this Transistor Circuits ebook, we have presented about 100 interesting
circuits using transistors and chips.
In most cases the IC will contain 10 - 100 transistors, cost less than the
individual components and take up much less board-space. They also save a
lot of circuit designing and quite often consume less current than discrete
components.
In all, they are a fantastic way to get something working with the least
componentry.
A list of of Integrated Circuits (Chips) is provided at the end of this book to
help you identify the pins and show you what is inside the chip.
Some of the circuits are available from Talking Electronics as a kit, but
others will have to be purchased as individual components from your local
electronics store. Electronics is such an enormous field that we cannot
provide kits for everything. But if you have a query about one of the
circuits, you can contact me.
Colin Mitchell
TALKING ELECTRONICS.
talking@tpg.com.au
To save space we have not provided lengthy explanations of how the
circuits work. This has already been covered in TALKING ELECTRONICS Basic
Electronics Course, and can be obtained on a
CD for $10.00
(posted to
anywhere in the world) See Talking Electronics website for more details:
MORE INTRO
There are two ways to learn electronics.
One is to go to school and study theory for 4 years and come out with all
the theoretical knowledge in the world but almost no practical experience.
We know this type of person. We employed them (for a few weeks!). They
think everything they design WILL WORK because their university professor
said so.
The other way is to build circuit after circuit and get things to work. You
may not know the in-depth theory of how it works but trial and error gets
you there.
We know. We employed this type of person for up to 12 years.
I am not saying one is better than the other but most electronics
enthusiasts are not "book worms" and anyone can succeed in this field by
constantly applying themselves with "constructing projects." You actually
learn 10 times faster by applying yourself and we have had technicians
repairing equipment after only a few weeks on the job.
It would be nothing for an enthusiast to build 30 - 40 circuits from our
previous Transistor eBook and a similar number from this book. Many of the
circuits are completely different to each other and all have a building block
or two that you can learn from.
Electronics enthusiasts have an uncanny understanding of how a circuit
works and if you have this ability, don't let it go to waste.
Electronics will provide you a comfortable living for the rest of your life
and I mean this quite seriously. The market is very narrow but new designs
are coming along all the time and new devices are constantly being
invented and more are always needed.
Once you get past this eBook of "Chips and Transistors" you will want to
investigate microcontrollers and this is when your options will explode.
You will be able to carry out tasks you never thought possible, with a chip
as small as 8 pins and a few hundred lines of code.
As I say in my speeches. What is the difference between a "transistor man"
and a "programmer?" TWO WEEKS!
In two weeks you can start to understand the programming code for a
microcontroller and perform simple tasks such as flashing a LED and
produce sounds and outputs via the press of a button.
All these things are covered on
Talking Electronics website
and you don't
have to buy any books or publications. Everything is available on the web
and it is instantly accessible. That's the beauty of the web.
Don't think things are greener on the other side of the fence, by buying a
text book. They aren't. Everything you need is on the web AT NO COST.
The only thing you have to do is build things. If you have any technical
problem at all, simply email
Colin Mitchell
and any question will be
answered. Nothing could be simpler and this way we guarantee you
SUCCESS. Hundreds of readers have already emailed and after 5 or more
emails, their circuit works. That's the way we work. One thing at a time
and eventually the fault is found.
If you think a circuit will work the first time it is turned on, you are fooling
yourself.
All circuits need corrections and improvements and that's what makes a
good electronics person. Don't give up. How do you think all the circuits in
these eBooks were designed? Some were copied and some were designed
from scratch but all had to be built and adjusted slightly to make sure they
worked perfectly.
I don't care if you use bread-board, copper strips, matrix board or solder
the components in the air as a "bird's nest." You only learn when the circuit
gets turned on and WORKS!
In fact the rougher you build something, the more you will guarantee it will
work when built on a printed circuit board.
However, high-frequency circuits (such as 100MHz FM Bugs) do not like
open layouts and you have to keep the construction as tight as possible to
get them to operate reliably.
In most other cases, the layout is not critical.
TRANSISTORS
Most of the transistors used in our circuits are BC 547 and BC 557. These
are classified as "universal" or "common" NPN and PNP types with a voltage
rating of about 25v, 100mA collector current and a gain of about 100. Some
magazines use the term "
TUP
" (for Transistor Universal PNP) or "
TUN
" (for
Transistor Universal NPN). We simply use Philips types that everyone
recognises. You can use almost any type of transistor to replace them and
here is a list of the equivalents and pinouts:
CONTENTS
red indicates 1-100 Transistor Circuits
Adjustable High Current Power Supply
Aerial Amplifier
Alarm Using 4 buttons
Audio Amplifier (mini)
Automatic Battery Charger
Battery Charger
- 12v Automatic
Battery Charger
- Gell Cell
Battery Charger MkII
- 12v trickle charger
Battery Monitor MkI
Battery Monitor MkII
Bike Turning Signal
Beacon
(Warning Beacon 12v)
Beeper Bug
Blocking Oscillator
Book Light
Buck Regulator
12v to 5v
Camera Activator
Capacitor Discharge Unit MkII
(CDU2) Trains
Capacitor Discharge Unit MkII
- Modification
Car Detector
(loop Detector)
Car Light Alert
Charger
Gell Cell
Charger
- NiCd
Chip Programmer
(PIC) Circuits 1,2 3
Circuit Symbols
Complete list of Symbols
Clap Switch
Code Lock
Colour Code for Resistors
- all resistors
Constant Current
Constant Current Drives two 3-watt LEDs
Crystal Tester
Dark Detector with beep Alarm
Darlington Transistor
Decaying Flasher
Delay Turn-off
-
turns off a circuit after a delay
Driving a LED
Fading LED
Flasher (simple)
3 more in 1-100 circuits
Flashing Beacon
(12v Warning Beacon)
Fluorescent Inverter
for 12v supply
FM Transmitters
- 11 circuits
Gell Cell Charger
Hex Bug
H-Bridge
High Current from old cells
High Current Power Supply
Increasing the output current
Inductively Coupled Power Supply
Intercom
Latching A Push Button
Latching Relay
LED Detects light
LEDs on 240v
LEDs Show Relay State
Limit Switches
Low fuel Indicator
Low Mains Drop-out
Low Voltage cut-out
Low Voltage Flasher
Mains Detector
Mains Night Light
Make any capacitor value
Make any resistor value
Metal Detector
Model Railway time
NiCd Charger
Phase-Shift Oscillator
- good design
Phone Bug
Phone Tape-3
Phone Tape-4
- using FETs
PIC Programmer
Circuits 1,2 3
Powering a LED
Power ON
Power Supplies - Fixed
Power Supplies - Adjustable
LMxx series
Power Supplies - Adjustable
78xx series
Power Supplies - Adjustable from 0v
Power Supply - Inductively Coupled
Push-ON Push-OFF
PWM Controller
Quiz Timer
Railway time
Random Blinking LEDs
Rectifying
a Voltage
Resistor Colour Code
Resistor Colour Code
- 4, 5 and 6 Bands
Reversing a Motor
&
2
&
3
Sequencer
Shake Tic Tac LED Torch
Simple Flasher
Simple Touch-ON Touch-OFF Switch
Siren
Soft Start power supply
Super-Alpha Pair
(Darlington Transistor)
Sziklai transistor
Telephone amplifier
Telephone Bug
Touch-ON Touch-OFF Switch
Tracking Transmitter
Track Polarity
- model railway
Train Detectors
Transformerless Power Supply
Transistor tester
- Combo-2
Vehicle Detector
loop Detector
VHF Aerial Amplifier
Voltage Doubler
Voltage Multipliers
Voyager
- FM Bug
Wailing Siren
Water Level Detector
XtalTester
Zapper - 160v
1-watt LED
1.5 watt LED
3-Phase Generator
5v from old cells
- circuit 1
5v from old cells
- circuit 2
5v Supply
12v Battery Charger
- Automatic
12v Flashing Beacon
(Warning Beacon)
12v Supply
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